Financing SMEs in EU and in Hungary, with special attention on venture capital

The financing of the SMEs is always a hard thing in the European countries. Especially is it a fateful question for a country that is so much dependent on SMEs like Hungary. Since Hungary is on the way of reorganization, every government take it a priority to facilitate the SMEs to reach capital, reach new markets, and Hungary tried hard to simplify the administrative burdens of small and medium sized enterprises. The accession to the European Union indicated new factors on this project, and since 2004, Hungary is based on EU regulation. This accession provided us new perspectives and new goals on globalized market, and force us to become more and more competitive not only with other EU countries, but with the whole world market. This short study is based upon the Hungarian government’s conception of development of SME’s, publicated in February of 2007, extended with the surveys and studies presented from the professionals of the subject.

Topological structure in the SU(2) vacuum

We study the topological content of the vacuum of SU(2) pure gauge theory using lattice simulations. We use a smoothing process based on the renormalization group equation. This removes short distance fluctuations but preserves long distance structure. The action of the smoothed configurations is dominated by instantons, but they still show an area law for Wilson loops with an unchanged string tension. The average radius of an instanton is about 0.2 fm, at a density of about 2 fm${}^{-4}$.Comment: 3 pages, LaTeX, 3 figures, uses espcrc2.sty, Talk given at LATTICE9

Archeometric Investigation of the Stone Tools of the Vatya Culture (Pest County, Hungary)

With the analysis of the middle Bronze Age (2000–1350 BC) Vatya culture findings in Pest county (Central Hungary) comprising of more than 400 polished stone tools and instrument tools this is the first archaeometric study with such scale in Hungary. In order to characterize petrographically the raw-material of the stone tools macroscopic and microscopic stone analyses were made together with mineralogical and geochemical analyses. In the course of the work a new digital database the Archaeometric Stone Tool Database was established. Based on the results, the material of the instrument stones is mainly sandstone and quartzite that were easy to collect from their source areas. Local volcanics, mostly amphibole containing andesite variations dominated among the material of the polished stone tools. Ophiolites (metamorphic basic rocks, serpentinized basic and ultrabasic rocks) were the raw-material of stone axes that indicate either more distant travels for raw-material or exchange import

Optimizing the Chiral Properties of Lattice Fermions

We describe a way to optimize the chiral behavior of Wilson-type lattice fermion actions by studying the low energy real eigenmodes of the Dirac operator. We find a candidate action, the clover action with fat links with a tuned clover term. The action shows good scaling behavior at Wilson gauge coupling beta=5.7.Comment: LATTICE98(improvement

Exceptional Configurations with the Clover Action

We study exceptional modes of both the Wilson and the clover action in order to understand why quenched clover spectroscopy suffers so severely from exceptional configurations. We show that a large clover coefficient can make the exceptional modes extremely localized and thus very sensitive to short distance fluctuations. We contrast this with the case of the Wilson action where exceptional modes correspond to large instantons. These modes are broadly extended and suffer much less from discretization errors.Comment: LATTICE98(improvement

Bél-máj tengely vizsgálata colitis ulcerosaban – retrospektív tanulmány

Absztrakt: Bevezetés: A bél–máj tengely vizsgálata világszerte előtérbe került. A gyulladásos bélbetegségben szenvedőknél gyakran tapasztalható májenzim-emelkedés, amely diagnosztikus kihívást jelent a mindennapi gyakorlatban. A máj és az epeutak megbetegedései gyakori extraintestinalis manifesztációk mind Crohn-betegségben, mind colitis ulcerosában. A rutin májfunkciós paraméterek meghatározása nem ad pontos képet a májműködési zavarról, így azok prevalenciája alulbecsült lehet. Szükség lenne olyan nem invazív biomarkerek és/vagy pontrendszerek bevezetésére, amelyek a bélbetegségekhez társult májkárosodások diagnosztikájában segítséget nyújtanának. Célkitűzés: Munkánk során fontosnak tartottuk, hogy kiemeljük a bél–máj tengely jelentőségét. Colitis ulcerosában szenvedő betegek adatait használtuk fel bélbetegségek modelljeként, és megvitatjuk a májkárosodás patogenezise hátterében álló lehetséges tényezőket. Módszer: Retrospektív munkánk során mérsékelt aktivitású colitis ulcerosában szenvedő betegek (n = 100; férfi = 46, nő = 54; átlagéletkor: 42,5 ± 12,7) adatait elemeztük és hasonlítottuk össze egészséges kontrollokkal (n = 42; férfi = 17, nő = 25; átlagéletkor: 40,2 ± 13,5). Meghatározásra kerültek a májfunkciós paraméterek (ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, bilirubin, albumin, vérlemezkeszám), epesavszintek, valamint különböző szabad gyökös markerek (globális, enzimatikus) segítségével becsültük a betegek redox-homeosztázisát. Mértük a hidrogéndonor-aktivitást, a redukálóképességet, a szuperoxid dizmutáz és a glutation-peroxidáz aktivitásait, az összantioxidáns-státuszt és az indukált kemilumineszcenciát, tekintettel arra, hogy a betegek 5-amino-szalicilsav és/vagy azathioprin és elemi diéta kezelésben részesültek. Eredmények: A májenzim-aktivitások emelkedettebbek voltak colitis ulcerosában, és az összantioxidáns-státusz, valamint a redukálóképesség szignifikánsan csökkent, azonban nem volt szignifikáns különbség a kontrollcsoporthoz képest a glutation-peroxidáz és H-donor-aktivitásban, csak tendenciózus csökkenést tapasztaltunk. Az antioxidánsvédelem a betegcsoportban a betegek 54%-ánál volt szignifikánsan alacsonyabb mértékű az összes paramétert figyelembe véve. Kemilumineszcenciás módszerrel jobb szabadgyök-fogó képességet mértünk, mind a plazmában, mind az erythrocytában az alkalmazott terápia eredményeként, ugyanakkor a szuperoxid dizmutáz aktivitásának növekedését tapasztaltuk, ami a gyulladásos folyamatokra figyelmeztet. Az epesavszintek csökkenését tapasztaltuk a betegcsoportban, aminek okaként a felgyorsult passzázst is számításba kell venni. Következtetések: A mindennapi rutin során meghatározásra kerülő májenzimértékek nem adnak pontos képet a colitis ulcerosában létrejövő májkárosodás mértékéről. Az általunk meghatározott különböző speciális paraméterek segítségével megbecsülhetjük a bél–máj tengely eltéréseinek hátterében álló folyamatokat. Az epesavszint csökkenése prediktív faktornak tekinthető colitis ulcerosában is. Munkánk rávilágít a májbetegségek nem invazív szűrésének szükségességére gyulladásos bélbetegségben. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(26): 1014–1021. | Abstract: Introduction: Examination of the gut–liver axis came into the spotlight worldwide. Liver enzyme elevations are commonly seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is a diagnostic challenge in everyday clinical practice. Liver and biliary diseases are common extra-intestinal manifestations in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The assessment of routine liver function tests could be an inaccurate reflection of liver damage, so its prevalence could be underestimated. There would be a need for non-invasive biomarkers and/or scoring systems, which would help the diagnosis of liver damage associated with intestinal diseases. Aim: In our work we considered to highlight the importance of the gut–liver axis significance. We used data of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis, as a model for bowel diseases to understand the underlying factors of the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary manifestations. Method: In our retrospective study, we investigated the data of 100 ulcerative colitis patients (male = 46, female = 54) (mean age: 42.5 ± 12.7) and compared to healthy controls (n = 42) (male = 17, female = 25) (mean age: 40.2 ± 13.5). Liver function tests (ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, bilirubin, albumin, thrombocyte), bile acid levels were determinated, and various free radical markers (global, enzymatic) were used to assess the redox homeostasis of patients. Hydrogen donor activity, reducing power, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, total antioxidant status and induced chemiluminescence were measured, considering that the patients received 5-aminosalicilate and/or azathioprin and elemental diet treatment. Results: Liver function parameters were increased in ulcerative colitis patients, and total antioxidant status, as well. Reducing power significantly decreased, but there was no significant difference compared to the control group of glutathione peroxidase and H-donor activity, we observed only tendentious decrease. The antioxidant protection of more than 54% of patients had a significantly lower rate, according to all the parameters. With chemiluminescence measurement we measured better free radical scavenging capacity, both in plasma and in erythrocytes as a result of the therapy, however, it showed an increase of superoxide dismutase activity, which warns of inflammatory processes. The cause of the decrease in bile acid levels found in the group of ulcerative colitis patients, can be the accelerated peristaltic. Conclusions: In the daily routine, liver enzyme values do not give an accurate picture of liver damage associated with ulcerative colitis. With the help of various specific parameters determined by us, we can estimate the background processes of the gut–liver axis alterations. The decrease in bile acid levels can be a predictive factor in ulcerative colitis. Our work highlights the need of non-invasive screening for liver diseases in inflammatory bowel disease. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(26): 1014–1021

Analysis of the botanical origins of monofloral honey types

At the Institute of Food Science of the University of Debrecen, we have been analyzing honey for ten years. In our study, the proline and phenolic compound contents of 70 types of monofloral honey (acacia, linden, rape, sunflower, milkweed, chestnut and forest) were examined. During the study, the answer was sought to the question whether it was possible, based on these two parameters, to differentiate monofloral honey types from each other or, in other words, was there an effect of the botanical origin on the amounts of these two compounds. With the help of linear discriminant analysis, it was determined that groups of monofloral honey could be clearly differentiated from each other. Differentiation of the two groups was not unambiguous in the case of forest and chestnut honey, so the analysis of a third characteristic could be necessary in the case of these two monofloral honeys

Internal Mammary Artery Compression After Pectus Excavatum Repair Does Not Increase Risk of Hemorrhagic Complications in Pediatric Patients

Objectives: Minimal invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) described by Nuss is the most popular correction nowadays of this deformity. During the introduction of the bars, they can hurt or compress the internal mammary arteries (IMA). The aim of this study was to observe the prevalence of IMA compression in children after MIRPE. Also, we examined if IMA obstruction increases the risk of complications at bar removal, and if these vascular changes are reversible. Materials and Methods: All patients operated on pectus excavatum in our tertiary pediatric surgical center between 2013 and 2019 were involved in the study. Data of age, sex, number of bars and characteristics of the deformity were examined. IMA flow was checked by Doppler ultrasound (DUS) after MIRPE and after bar removal, too. Results: Among 41 patients with mean age of 15.2 years there were 18 asymmetrical deformities, 23 sternal rotations. Mean pectus index was 4.01. After the Nuss procedure 7(9%) stenoses and 10(12%) occlusions of IMA were found on DUS. After bar removal 3 of 4 stenoses have resolved, but all examined occlusions (3/3) persisted. There were no complications during bar removals. Conclusion: IMA compression after MIRPE in children is uncommon, and is not influenced by severity of deformity. Obstruction of these vessels does not increase the risk of hemorrhagic complications at bar removal. Data of larger cohort are needed to determine reversibility of these changes. © Copyright © 2021 Kovács, Pásztor and Rieth